4.結論

首(shou)次(ci)將(jiang)Langmuir-Schaefer方(fang)法(fa)用于DEAs電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)制(zhi)備(bei)。將(jiang)多(duo)壁碳(tan)納米管(guan)和(he)聚（烷基噻(sai)吩）結合(he)在(zai)一起，在(zai)空氣-水界面形成(cheng)穩定的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)分(fen)子膜(mo)，然后使用Langmuir-Schaefer技術(shu)將(jiang)其(qi)轉移(yi)到PDMS膜(mo)上。單(dan)(dan)層電(dian)極(ji)由嵌入鉑(bo)單(dan)(dan)層中(zhong)的(de)(de)互連多(duo)壁碳(tan)納米管(guan)網(wang)絡組成(cheng)，其(qi)中(zhong)鉑(bo)賦(fu)予機械(xie)性能，而(er)多(duo)壁碳(tan)納米管(guan)確(que)保系統的(de)(de)導電(dian)性。復合(he)單(dan)(dan)分(fen)子膜(mo)可(ke)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)，導電(dian)率高達(da)100%(～20 MΩ/0%應變(bian)時(shi)，～5 GΩ/在(zai)100%應變(bian)下）。使用LS方(fang)法(fa)制(zhi)作圖(tu)案(an)化超(chao)薄可(ke)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)電(dian)極(ji)，可(ke)以制(zhi)作具有1.4μm厚(hou)PDMS介電(dian)膜(mo)的(de)(de)薄DEA。僅(jin)在(zai)100V下，該DEA達(da)到4.0%線性應變(bian)。與(yu)DEAs通(tong)常需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)kV驅動電(dian)壓(ya)相比，這(zhe)種低工作電(dian)壓(ya)為DEAs開辟了新的(de)(de)應用領域(yu)。我(wo)們在(zai)這(zhe)里報告的(de)(de)LS電(dian)極(ji)是(shi)DEA在(zai)小于5V時(shi)產(chan)生全(quan)應變(bian)的(de)(de)關鍵構件：通(tong)過使用LS/LB技術(shu)制(zhi)造彈性體和(he)電(dian)極(ji)，將(jiang)有可(ke)能制(zhi)造多(duo)層DEA，其(qi)中(zhong)所有層都(dou)是(shi)一個(ge)單(dan)(dan)分(fen)子厚(hou)度。這(zhe)將(jiang)是(shi)DEA技術(shu)的(de)(de)最終物理極(ji)限。

致謝

我們衷心感謝(xie)Jun Shintake博(bo)士(shi)、Matthias Imboden博(bo)士(shi)、Alexandre Poulin博(bo)士(shi)和Samuel Schlater先生的(de)有益評論(lun)和討論(lun)。這項工作是由歐盟的(de)地平線2020研(yan)究和創(chuang)新計(ji)劃在瑪麗SK·OOOWSKA居里補助(zhu)金(jin)協議，第64 1822-MICACT通(tong)過(guo)瑞士(shi)國(guo)家(jia)教(jiao)育、研(yan)究和創(chuang)新秘書處，以(yi)及瑞士(shi)國(guo)家(jia)科(ke)學基金(jin)會授予第200020號(hao)165993。

附錄A.補充(chong)數據

與本文相關的補(bu)充數據可在(zai)在(zai)線(xian)版本中找到，網址為//doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.145.

工具書類

[1]D.Rus,M.T.Tolley,Design,fabrication and control of soft robots,Nature 521(2015)467–475,//dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14543.

[2]M.Wehner,R.L.Truby,D.J.Fitzgerald,B.Mosadegh,G.M.Whitesides,J.A.Lewis,R.J.Wood,An integrated design and fabrication strategy for entirely soft,autonomous robots,Nature 536(2016)451–455,//dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19100.

[3]L.Maffli,S.Rosset,M.Ghilardi,F.Carpi,H.Shea,Ultrafast all-polymer electrically tunable silicone lenses,Adv.Funct.Mater.25(2015)1656–1665,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403942.

[4]S.Shian,R.M.Diebold,D.R.Clarke,Tunable lenses using transparent dielectric elastomer actuators,Opt.Express 21(2013)8669–8676,//dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.008669.

[5]F.Ilievski,A.D.Mazzeo,R.F.Shepherd,X.Chen,G.M.Whitesides,Soft robotics for chemists,Angew.Chem.–Int.Ed.50(2011)1890–1895,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201006464.

[6]J.Shintake,S.Rosset,B.Schubert,D.Floreano,H.Shea,Versatile soft grippers with intrinsic electroadhesion based on multifunctional polymer actuators,Adv.Mater.28(2016)231–238,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504264.

[7]R.Pelrine,R.Kornbluh,Q.Pei,J.Joseph,High-speed electrically actuated elastomers with strain greater than 100%,Science 287(2000)836–839,//dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5454.836(New York N.Y.).

[8]C.Keplinger,T.Li,R.Baumgartner,Z.Suo,S.Bauer,Harnessing snap-through instability in soft dielectrics to achieve giant voltage-triggered deformation,Soft Matter 8(2012)285–288,//dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06736B.

[9]F.B.Madsen,A.E.Daugaard,S.Hvilsted,A.L.Skov,The current state of silicone-based dieletric elastomer transducers,Macromol.Rapid Commun.37(2016)378–413,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500576.

[10]W.Yuan,L.Hu,Z.Yu,T.Lam,J.Biggs,S.M.Ha,D.Xi,B.Chen,M.K.Senesky,G.Grüner,Q.Pei,Fault-tolerant dielectric elastomer actuators using single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes,Adv.Mater.20(2008)621–625,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200701018.

[11]R.E.Pelrine,R.D.Kornbluh,J.P.Joseph,Electrostriction of polymer dielectrics with compliant electrodes as a means of actuation,Sensor Actuat.A:Phys.64(1998)77–85,//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-4247(97)01657-9.

[12]D.McCoul,W.Hu,M.Gao,V.Mehta,Q.Pei,Recent advances in stretchable and transparent electronic materials,Adv.Electron.Mater.2(2016)1500407,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201500407.

[13]S.J.A.Koh,T.Li,J.Zhou,X.Zhao,W.Hong,J.Zhu,Z.Suo,Mechanisms of large actuation strain in dielectric elastomers,J.Polym.Sci.Part B:Polym.Phys.49(2011)504–515,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.22223.

 [14]S.J.Dünki,Y.S.Ko,F.A.Nüesch,D.M.Opris,Self-repairable,high permittivity dielectric elastomers with large actuation strains at low electric fields,Adv.Funct.Mater.25(2015)2467–2475,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500077.

[15]M.V.Circu,Y.S.Ko,A.C.Gerecke,D.M.Opris,Soft polydimethylsiloxane thin elastomeric films by in situ polymerization to be used as dielectricum in actuators,Macromol.Mater.Eng.299(2014)1126–1133,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.201300457.

[16]A.Poulin,S.Rosset,H.R.Shea,Printing low-voltage dielectric elastomer actuators,Appl.Phys.Lett.107(2015)244104,//dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937735.

[17]S.Rosset,H.R.Shea,Flexible and stretchable electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators,Appl.Phys.A:Mater.Sci.Process.110(2013)281–307,//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7402-8.

[18]S.Rosset,M.Niklaus,P.Dubois,H.R.Shea,Large-stroke dielectric elastomer actuators with ion-implanted electrodes,J.Microelectromech.Syst.18(2009)1300–1308,//dx.doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2031690.

[19]M.Duduta,R.J.Wood,D.R.Clarke,Multilayer dielectric elastomers for fast,programmable actuation without prestretch,Adv.Mater.28(2016)8058–8063,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601842.

[20]C.Keplinger,J.-Y.Sun,C.C.Foo,P.Rothemund,G.M.Whitesides,Z.Suo,Stretchable,transparent,ionic conductors,Science 341(2013)984–987,//dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1240228.

[21]B.Chen,Y.Bai,F.Xiang,J.Y.Sun,Y.Mei Chen,H.Wang,J.Zhou,Z.Suo,Stretchable and transparent hydrogels as soft conductors for dielectric elastomer actuators,J.Polym.Sci.Part B:Polym.Phys.52(2014)1055–1060,//dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.23529.

[22]O.A.Araromi,S.Rosset,H.R.Shea,High-resolution,large-area fabrication of compliant electrodes via laser ablation for robust,stretchable dielectric elastomer actuators and sensors,ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces 7(2015)18046–18053,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04975.

[23]B.Fasolt,M.Hodgins,G.Rizzello,S.Seelecke,Effect of screen printing parameters on sensor and actuator performance of dielectric elastomer(DE)membranes,Sens.Actuators A:Phys.265(2017)10–19,//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.08.028.

[24]A.El Haitami,E.H.G.Backus,S.Cantin,Synthesis at the air–water interface of a two-dimensional semi-interpenetrating network based on poly(dimethylsiloxane)and cellulose acetate butyrate,Langmuir 30(2014)11919–11927,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/la502514e.

[25]G.L.Gaines,Insoluble Monolayers at Liquid-gas Interfaces,Interscience Publishers,New York,1966(Accessed 3 July 2017)//searchworks.stanford.edu/view/699189.

[26]A.R.Tao,F.Kim,C.Hess,J.Goldberger,R.He,Y.Sun,Y.Xia,P.Yang,Langmuir-blodgett silver nanowire monolayers for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy,Nano Lett.3(2003)1229–1233,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0344209.

[27]V.Sgobba,G.Giancane,D.Cannoletta,A.Operamolla,O.Hassan Omar,G.M.Farinola,D.M.Guldi,L.Valli,Langmuir-schaefer films for aligned carbon nanotubes functionalized with a conjugate polymer and photoelectrochemical response enhancement,ACS Appl.Mater Interfaces 6(2014)153–158,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/am403656k.

[28]L.Huang,X.Hu,L.Chi,Monolayer-mediated growth of organic semiconductor films with improved device performance,Langmuir 31(2015)9748–9761,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00349.

[29]J.Matsui,S.Yoshida,T.Mikayama,A.Aoki,T.Miyashita,Fabrication of polymer langmuir-blodgett films containing regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)for application to field-effect transistor,Langmuir 21(2005)5343–5348,//dx.doi.org/10.1021/la046922n.

[30]J.Moulton,P.Smith,Electrical and mechanical properties of oriented poly(3-alkylthiophenes):2.Effect of side-chain length,Polymer 33(1992)2340–2347,//dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90525-2.

[31]S.Hénon,J.Meunier,Microscope at the Brewster angle:direct observation of first-order phase transitions in monolayers,Rev.Sci.Instrum.62(1991)936–939,//dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142032.

[32]S.Rosset,O.A.Araromi,S.Schlatter,H.R.Shea,Fabrication process of silicone-based dielectric elastomer actuators,J.Vis.Exp.108(2016)e53423,//dx.doi.org/10.3791/53423.

[33]I.M.Ward,J.Sweeney,An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers,Wiley,2004.

[34]C.Lo,Y.Lee,W.Hsu,Behavior of mixed multi-walled carbon nanotube/P3HT monolayer at the air/water interface,Synth.Met.160(2010)2219–2223,//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.08.014.